There are different alternatives to improve
the outcome of abdominal aorta anastomosis (1-3). Likely, stomach cytoprotection
theory (4) holding endothelium protection (5) and peptidergic anti-ulcer cytoprotection
therapy (6) may improve approach to the management of abdominal aorta anastomosis
and thrombus formation at the site of anastomosis. Namely, this basic link may
be logical since in the stomach the cytoprotection (7, 8) maintains the endothelium
for mucosal integrity, recognizes the lesion of the endothelium before the mucosal
damage and endothelium protection to prevent the mucosal lesions development
(4-6). According to that point, we used one cytoprotective anti-ulcer agent
in rat abdominal aorta anastomosis, and the therapy was given either to prevent
or attenuate thrombus formation (
i.e., immediately after anastomosis
creation) or to reverse already formed thrombus at the site of anastomosis (at
the 24 h after surgery). Recovery of lower extremities function was used as
the assessment point.
We focused on a peptide therapy in cytoprotection, using a small, orally active,
anti-ulcer peptide (6, 9-11), stable in human gastric juice (12) with significant
cytoprotective activity (6, 10, 11) - stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157
(MW 1419), with very safe profile (LD1 could be not achieved, no side effects
in clinical trials (13, 14), effective in trials for inflammatory bowel disease
therapy (13, 14) and wound healing (15-18). Previously, BPC 157 was found to
particularly protect endothelium (10), angiogenesis (16) and modulate NO-system
function (
i.e., L-NAME-induced hypertension was prevented and reversed
by BPC 157 application) (11, 19). Importantly, pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was
more active than recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB),
stimulating both expression of early growth response 1 (egr-1) gene and its
repressor nerve growth factor 1-A binding protein-2 (NAB2) (18). Also, pentadecapeptide
BPC 157 was found to improve healing of ileo-ileal, colo-colonic, ileo-jejunal
(20, 21) anastomosis and gastrocutaneous and colocutaneous fistulas (20, 22).
Very recently pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was found to improve healing of transected
sciatic nerve in rats, applied intraperitoneally/intragastrically/locally, at
the site of anastomosis, or after non-anastomozed nerve tubing directly into
the tube (23).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Male Albino Wistar (350-400 g) rats, were used in all of the experiments (10
rats at least per each experimental group and interval randomly assigned) approved
by the Local Ethic Committee and assessed by observers unaware of the given
treatment. Abdominal aorta anastomosis creation. Procedure includes deeply anesthetized
rats, prone position, cleaned operative field, median incision, exposing the
retroperitoneum, identifying the structures, preparation of the aorta, placing
the clamps, horizontal cut between renal arteries and bifurcation (common illiac
arteries) and termino-terminal anastomosis creation (8/0 Prolene sutures) (
i.e.,
with 20 minutes of complete ischemia) (
Fig. 1).
 |
Fig. 1. Procedure of abdominal aorta anastomosis. A. Preparation of the aorta, placing the vascular clamps. B. Horizontal cut between renal arteries and bifurcation (common illiac arteries). C. Starting the anastomosis, first sutture. D. Releasing the clamps, checking the distal pulse. Period A-D 20 minutes. |
Drugs
Medication, without carrier or peptidase inhibitor, includes pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (a partial sequence of human gastric juice protein BPC, freely soluble in water at pH 7.0 and in saline; peptide with 99% (HPLC) purity (1-des-Gly peptide as impurity, manufactured by Diagen, Ljubljana, Slovenia, GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, M.W. 1419 prepared as described before (9).
Experimental procedure includes an (i) application to attenuate or prevent thrombus formation as well as (ii) an application in the conditions of the already established thrombus (24 h post-surgery). BPC 157 (10 µg/kg) was given (i) as a bath immediately after anastomosis creation, or (ii) intraperitoneally at the 24 h after surgery. Control received an equivolume of saline (5 ml/kg).
Functional evaluation
Function disability was assessed as described before (16, 17). Briefly, Koka’s extensor postural thrust (EPT) i.e., modified motor function index (MFI) assessed by an experienced, but naive, co-tester, as the weight on a digital weighing scale (precision 0.001 g) borne by the hind limb at the moment when the rat was held upright, with the hind limb extended and placed upon a scale, begins to bear weight on the scale, as follows: EPT = (NEPT–EEPT)/NEPT (NEPT and EEPT represent EPT value before surgery (normal) and after surgery (experimental), respectively).
Walking ability was scored (1-3) using a simple modification of the previous assessment as follows: 1 - normal walk, optimal speed, no tottering; 2 - slow, but still normal walking, no tottering; 3 - tottering walk with either spontaneous or induced vocalization; 4 - the animals unable to walk, with either spontaneous or induced vocalization.
The first assessment was before surgery. The second assessment was at the 24 h post-surgery before sacrifice or therapy administration. Those rats that received medication at the 24 h post-surgery were assessed also at the 1 min and then at the 3 min thereafter, before sacrifice.
Microscopical assessment
Part of the interest of the aorta (length of cca. 2 cm) was placed in buffered formalin (pH 7.4) immediately after removal from the animal sacrificed at 24 h after surgery or alternatively, in those rats that received medication at 24 h after surgery at 3 minutes after medication. Sutured segments were cut, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin wax so that the whole length of this segment could be sectioned. Aorta samples were cut serially at the thickness of 5 µm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed in a blinded fashion. Three segments of each sample with the largest lumen obstruction were selected and using a video camera (Sony TK1270) put into ISSA database. These images were used for morphometrical assessment of the lumen occlusion using special program ISSA (VAMSTEC, Zagreb, Croatia). In each segment total area of the lumen and total area of the thrombus were measured, with final result expressed as percentage of lumen occupied with thrombus.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using program GraphPad Prism 5.0. for Windows. Categorical data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Mann-Whitney U test. Values are expressed as min/med/max. Test results with P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Statistical analysis of the quantified data was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post hoc comparisons were appraised using the conservative Bonferroni/Dunn test. Data are presented as mean±standard de
viation (SD). Values of PŁ0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Assessment at 24 h after surgery
The end to end aortal anastomosis procedure invariably lead to significant thrombus
formation and aortal lumen occlusion and prominent edema in vessel wall, unless
BPC 157 was applied immediately after anastomosis creation (
Fig. 2, Table
1). BPC 157 demonstrated significantly lower percentage of aortal lumen
occlusion with thrombus and less edema in vessel wall. Also, the walking ability
was markedly impaired, accompanied with painful vocalization, either screaming
spontaneous or at very light touch, and very weak muscle strength, unless BPC
157 was applied. Along with less thrombus formation and less aortal lumen occlusion
pentadecapeptide BPC 157 animals exhibited preserved walking and muscle strength
(close to normal) (
Fig. 2, Table 1).
 |
Fig. 2. Transversal
sections of aorta (HE, x2). A, B. Assessment at 24 h after after anastomosis
creation. Significant thrombus formation and aortal lumen occlusion (control
rats) (A), unless BPC 157 (10 µg/kg bath) (B) had been applied immediately
after anastomosis creation. (C). Medication at 24 h after surgery and
subsequent assessment. In animals treated with BPC 157 (10 µg/kg i.p.)
24 hours after surgery, at the time of sacrifice (3 minutes after treatment)
there was no obvious aortal occlusion, and only erythrocytes were present
in the lumen (C). |
Medication at 24 h after surgery and subsequent assessment
As indicated, at 24 h aortal anastomosis rats were presented with significant
thrombus formation and aortal lumen occlusion, markedly impaired walking ability,
painful vocalization, and very weak muscle strength.
Table 1. Assessment
at 24 h after surgery. BPC 157 (10 µg/kg) was given as a bath immediately
after anastomosis creation. Control received an equivolume of saline (5
ml/kg). *P 0.05,
vs. control, at least. |
 |
Table 2. Medication
at 24 h after surgery and subsequent assessment. BPC 157 (10 µg/kg) was
given intraperitoneally at the 24 h after surgery. Control received an
equivolume of saline (5 ml/kg). Assessment at 1 and 3 min after medication. |
 |
In strong contrast, in animals treated with BPC 157 24 hours after surgery,
at the time of sacrifice (3 minutes after treatment) there was no obvious aortal
occlusion, and only erythrocytes were present in the lumen. Intriguingly, BPC
157 administration rapidly induced walking ability improvement, and an increase
of muscle strength; the moment when the muscle strength reached the values of
the normal rats was used to determine the point of the thrombus assessment and
the animals were sacrificed at 3 min after medication (
Fig. 2, Table 2).
DISCUSSION
This is the first study that presumes the problem of aorta abdominalis anastomosis to be additionally elucidated within the concept of stomach cytoprotection and cytoprotection/endothelium protection relation, the endothelium protection equally relevant for both cytoprotection and abdominal anastomosis outcome.
Consequently, an essential cytoprotective activity and endothelium protection of BPC 157 (6, 9-11) that may be useful also in major vessels injuries may be likely. In support of this notation, we substantiated an evident effect in the worst conditions that may be presented throughout abdominal aorta anastomosis, at time of creation, immediately after surgery, as well as at the time of established thrombus and markedly injured limbs function. Namely, BPC 157 may decrease formation of cloth after aortic termino-terminal anastomosis in rats when given as a bath immediately after aortic anastomosis creation. Also, there was no cloth found in rats at the anastomosis site when BPC 157 given at the point of 24h post-surgery, in the conditions of the already established thrombus at the site of anastomosis. Thus, we have an immediate benefit of BPC 157 when given as a bath immediately after anastomosis creation that was however assessed after 24 hours. Likewise, we showed a comparable effect of an intraperitoneal injection that was postponed at that point of 24 h post-surgery. These both imply both rapid and sustained effect.
Finally, BPC 157 beneficial effect is closely supported with the improved limbs
function (of note, the function recovery in muscle injuries may be the earliest
healing hallmark (17)). Accordingly with aortic surgery limbs ischemia in patients
(
i.e., that may be associated with a high morbidity and mortality (3))
abdominal aorta anastomosis significantly impaired rats limbs function,
i.e.,
only one half of initial muscle strength remained (surprisingly, previously
little investigated in rats (2). At 24 h post-surgery, BPC 157 rats with less
obstruction exhibited ameliorated limb muscle strength similar to those values
before the surgical procedure. Interestingly, given at the that postponed point
of 24 h post-surgery, BPC 157 rats had no cloth at the anastomosis site at the
time when the function of lower limbs was completely rescued.
Previously, as far the blood vessels integrity may be considered, already since
the earliest post-injury intervals, BPC 157 was found to be an effective therapy.
BPC 157 may inhibit and reduce posttraumatic hematoma formation in rats subjected
to crush muscle injury while rapidly improve function of the injured leg in
rats with both muscle transection and crushed muscle (16, 17). BPC 157 usefully
improved deep burns healing, and therefore, dermal vascular changes following
thermal trauma resulting in fibrin deposition and vascular occlusion at the
site directly destroyed by thermal energy and changes in dermal haemodynamics
and blood vessel morphology in the areas of dermis surrounding the burn area
(15). Also, while improving intestinal anastomosis healing BPC 157 exhibited
formation adhesions attenuated, blood vessels fulfilled, mild passage obstruction
only temporary (otherwise, along with intestinal passage obstruction, filling
of vessels with blood tends to deteriorate, and vessels become empty) (24).
This may be important presenting that intestinal anastomosis healing requires
improved abdominal aorta blood flow (25). Similar to that, when BPC 157 was
given intragastrically, the fulfilled blood vessels were also presented throughout
maximal stomach distention (26), and gastric mucosal blood flow was increased
at the ulcer margin (27). Intriguingly, BPC 157 was also found to reduce bleeding
time while it has no effect on clothing parameters
in vitro (9). Also,
BPC 157, like other cytoprotective agents, markedly reduced the presentation
of bleeding ulcer after restraint stress, NSAIAs or alcohol (6, 10, 11). Unfortunately,
our study did not investigate the effects commonly thought (for review see,
(25)) to cause endothelial damage such as decrease in the relaxing effect of
NO/EDRF (28), ADP, thrombin, Ca
2+-ionophore A-23187
on endothelium; increase in platelet aggregation and turnover as well as the
sensitivity of platelets to aggregating substances due to the modification of
effects of PGI
2 and TXA
2;
increase in the release of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor substances such
as serotonin and TXA
2 through the cyclooxygenase
pathway. Thereby, because of particularly protecting endothelium, angiogenesis
and modulating NO-system function (
i.e., BPC 157 may induce a NO release
resistant to L-NAME-application) (11, 19), maintaining ATP content in stomach
mucosa (29), reducing inflammatory mediators and Ca
2+-ionophore
A-23187 effects (30, 31), BPC 157 effects (both prevention and reversal of thrombus
in abdominal aorta after surgery) may be interesting for further studies. For
instance, pentadecapeptide BPC 157, by stimulating both expression of egr-1
and its repressor NAB2 (18), may represent a controlling mechanism that may
be responsible for regulation of egr-1. This may be important probably not only
in theory presenting that egr-1 is associated with intraluminal thrombus formation
in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (32).
Conflict of interests: None declared.
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